Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol, Tocotrienol, Tocopherol Sorbate, Tocopherol Phosphate, & Tocopherol Acetate)

Nachbar F, Korting HC. The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J Mol Med. 1995 Jan;73(1):7-17. Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen, Germany.

Gehring W, Fluhr J, Gloor M. Influence of vitamin E acetate on stratum corneum hydration. Arznei-mittelforschung. 1998 Jul;48(7):772-5. Dermatological Clinic, Karlsruhe Municipal Hospital Complex, Germany.

Darr D, Fridovich I. Free radicals in cutaneous biology. J Invest Dermatol. 1994 May;102(5):671-5. Department of Medicine (Division of Dermatology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Fuchs J, Huflejt ME, Rothfuss LM, Wilson DS, Carcamo G, Packer L. Impairment of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in skin by UVB irradiation. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Dec;93(6):769-73. Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Nishi J, Ogura R, Sugiyama M, Hidaka T, Kohno M. Involvement of active oxygen in lipid peroxide radical reaction of epidermal homogenate following ultraviolet light exposure. J Invest Dermatol. 1991 Jul;97(1):115-9. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan.

Strickland PT. Photocarcinogenesis by near-ultraviolet (UVA) radiation in Sencar mice. J Invest Dermatol. 1986 Aug;87(2):272-5.

Shindo Y, Witt E, Packer L. Antioxidant defense mechanisms in murine epidermis and dermis and their responses to ultraviolet light. Invest Dermatol. 1993 Mar;100(3):260-5. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Gutteridge JM, Halliwell B. Comments on review of Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, second edition, by Barry Halliwell and John M. C. Gutteridge. Free Radic Biol Med. 1992;12(1):93-5.

Peng YM, Peng YS, Lin Y, Moon T, Roe DJ, Ritenbaugh C. Concentrations and plasma-tissue-diet relationships of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in humans. Nutr Cancer. 1995;23(3):233-46. Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA.

Burton GW, Traber MG, Acuff RV, Walters DN, Kayden H, Hughes L, Ingold KU. Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;67(4):669-84. Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L. Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1994 Jan;102(1):122-4. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Mayer P. The effects of vitamin E on the skin. Cosmet Toiletries 1993:108: 99-109.

Ricciarelli R, Maroni P, Ozer N, Zingg JM, Azzi A. Age-dependent increase of collagenase expression can be reduced by alpha-tocopherol via protein kinase C inhibition. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Oct;27(7-8):729-37. Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitat Bern, Switzerland.

Bissett DL, Chatterjee R, Hannon DP. Photoprotective effect of superoxide-scavenging antioxidants against ultraviolet radiation-induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1990 Apr;7(2):56-62. Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239-8707.

Bissett DL, Hillebrand GG, Hannon DP. The hairless mouse as a model of skin photoaging: its use to evaluate photoprotective materials. Photodermatol. 1989 Oct;6(5):228-33. Procter & Gamble Company Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Darr D, Dunston S, Faust H, Pinnell S. Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996 Jul;76(4):264-8. North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Raleigh, N.C., USA.

Dreher F, Denig N, Gabard B, Schwindt DA, Maibach HI. Effect of topical antioxidants on UV-induced erythema formation when administered after exposure. Dermatology. 1999;198(1):52-5. Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, Calif. 94143, USA.

Thiele JJ, Traber MG, Packer L. Depletion of human stratum corneum vitamin E: an early and sensitive in vivo marker of UV induced photo-oxidation. J Invest Dermatol. 1998 May;110(5):756-61. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.

Kramer-Stickland K, Krol ES, Liebler DC. UV-B-Induced photooxidation of vitamin E in mouse skin. Chem Res Toxicol. 1999 Feb;12(2):187-91. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.

Record IR, Dreosti IE, Konstantinopoulos M, Buckley RA. The influence of topical and systemic vitamin E on ultraviolet light-induced skin damage in hairless mice. Nutr Cancer. 1991;16(3-4):219-25. Division of Human Nutrition, CSIRO, Adelaide, South Australia.

Nakayama S, Katoh EM, Tsuzuki T, Kobayashi S. Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate against ultraviolet B-induced damage in cultured mouse skin. Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.

Chiu A, Kimball AB. Topical vitamins, minerals and botanical ingredients as modulators of environmental and chronological skin damage. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Oct;149(4):681-91. Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 900 Blake Wilbur Drive, RM W0024, Stanford, CA 94305-5334, U.S.A.

Rangarajan M, Zatz JL. Effect of formulation on the topical delivery of alpha-tocopherol. J Cosmet Sci. 2003 Mar-Apr;54(2):161-74. Organon USA, 375 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA.

Jurkiewicz BA, Bissett DL, Buettner GR. Effect of topically applied tocopherol on ultraviolet radiation-mediated free radical damage in skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Apr;104(4):484-8. Radiation Research Laboratory, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242-1101, USA.

Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Troost R, Boger RH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antioxidants and their impact on systemic oxidative stress. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(5):437-59. Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

Lopez-Torres M, Thiele JJ, Shindo Y, Han D, Packer L. Topical application of alpha-tocopherol modulates the antioxidant network and diminishes ultraviolet-induced oxidative damage in murine skin. Br J Dermatol. 1998 Feb;138(2):207-15.

Serbinova E, Kagan V, Han D, Packer L. Free radical recycling and intramembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;10(5):263-75. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Weber C, Podda M, Rallis M, Thiele JJ, Traber MG, Packer L. Efficacy of topically applied tocopherols and tocotrienols in protection of murine skin from oxidative damage induced by UV-irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(5):761-9. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley 94720-3200, USA.