Titanium Dioxide

Schwarz VA, Klein SD, Hornung R, Knochenmuss R, Wyss P, Fink D, Haller U, Walt H. Skin protection for photosensitized patients. Lasers Surg Med. 2001;29(3):252-9. Research Division of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.

Moseley H, Cameron H, MacLeod T, Clark C, Dawe R, Ferguson J. New sunscreens confer improved protection for photosensitive patients in the blue light region. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;145(5):789-94. The Photobiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.

Wolf R, Matz H, Orion E, Lipozencic J. Sunscreens-the ultimate cosmetic. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2003;11(3):158-62. Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, 76100 Rechovot, Israel.

Gamer AO, Leibold E, van Ravenzwaay B. The in vitro absorption of microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide through porcine skin. Toxicol In Vitro. 2005 Sep 20; BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GVT Z 470, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany.

Rouabhia M, Mitchell DL, Rhainds M, Claveau J, Drouin R. A physical sunscreen protects engineered human skin against artificial solar ultraviolet radiation-induced tissue and DNA damage. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002 Jul;1(7):471-7. Unite de Biotechnologie, Hopital Saint-Francois d'Assise, CHUQ, Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Biology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.

Schulz J, Hohenberg H, Pflucker F, Gartner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, Wepf R, Wendel V, Gers-Barlag H, Wittern KP. Distribution of sunscreens on skin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002 Nov 1;54 Suppl 1:S157-63. &D Cosmed, Beiersdorf AG, Function 4243, Unnastrasse 48, D-20245, Hamburg, Germany.

van der Molen RG, Out-Luiting C, Driller H, Claas FH, Koerten HK, Mommaas AM. Broad-spectrum sunscreens offer protection against urocanic acid photoisomerization by artificial ultraviolet radiation in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Sep;115(3):421-6. Center for Electron Microscopy, Departments of Dermatology and Immunohaematology and Bloodbank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Lademann J, Weigmann H, Rickmeyer C, Barthelmes H, Schaefer H, Mueller G, Sterry W. Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1999 Sep-Oct;12(5):247-56. Dermatological Clinic, Medical Faculty Charite, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.

van der Molen RG, Hurks HM, Out-Luiting C, Spies F, van't Noordende JM, Koerten HK, Mommaas AM. Efficacy of micronized titanium dioxide-containing compounds in protection against UVB-induced immunosuppression in humans in vivo. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998 Jul 10;44(2):143-50. Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands.

Stokes R, Diffey B. How well are sunscreen users protected? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1997 Oct-Dec;13(5-6):186-8. Regional Medical Physics Department, Dryburn Hospital, Durham, UK.

Bestak R, Halliday GM. Sunscreens protect from UV-promoted squamous cell carcinoma in mice chronically irradiated with doses of UV radiation insufficient to cause edema. Photochem Photobiol. 1996 Jul;64(1):188-93. Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.

Bestak R, Barnetson RS, Nearn MR, Halliday GM. Sunscreen protection of contact hypersensitivity responses from chronic solar-simulated ultraviolet irradiation correlates with the absorption spectrum of the sunscreen. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Sep;105(3):345-51. Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Odio MR, Veres DA, Goodman JJ, Irwin C, Robinson LR, Martinez J, Kraus AL. Comparative efficacy of sunscreen reapplication regimens in children exposed to ambient sunlight. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1994 Jun;10(3):118-25. Sharon Woods Technical Center, Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45241.

Roelandts R. Which components in broad-spectrum sunscreens are most necessary for adequate UVA protection? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 Dec;25(6 Pt 1):999-1004. Photodermatology Unit, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium.

Diffey BL, Farr PM. Sunscreen protection against UVB, UVA and blue light: an in vivo and in vitro comparison. Br J Dermatol. 1991 Mar;124(3):258-63. Regional Medical Physics Department, Dryburn Hospital, Durham, U.K.

Cayrol C, Sarraute J, Tarroux R, Redoules D, Charveron M, Gall Y. A mineral sunscreen affords genomic protection against ultraviolet (UV) B and UVA radiation: in vitro and in situ assays. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Aug;141(2):250-8. Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Cutanee, Institut de Recherche Dermo-Cosmetique Pierre Fabre, Faculte de Medecine Rangueil, 133 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France.

Pinnell SR, Fairhurst D, Gillies R, Mitchnick MA, Kollias N. Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide. Dermatol Surg. 2000 Apr;26(4):309-14. Division of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Suzuki M. Protective effect of fine-particle titanium dioxide on UVB-induced DNA damage in hairless mouse skin. Photodermatol. 1987 Aug;4(4):209-11. Pola Laboratories, Yokohama, Japan.

Gustavsson Gonzalez H, Farbrot A, Larko O. Percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3, a common component of topical sunscreens. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002 Nov;27(8):691-4. Departments of Dermatology, and Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden.

Puccetti G, Leblanc RM. A sunscreen-tanning compromise: 3D visualization of the actions of titanium dioxide particles and dihydroxyacetone on human epiderm. Photochem Photobiol. 2000 Apr;71(4):426-30. Center for Supramolecular Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0431, USA.

Pflucker F, Wendel V, Hohenberg H, Gartner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, Wepf R, Gers-Barlag H. The human stratum corneum layer: an effective barrier against dermal uptake of different forms of topically applied micronised titanium dioxide. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2001;14 Suppl 1:92-7. Research and Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.