Parabens (Methyl-Paraben, Ethyl-Paraben, Butyl-Paraben, Propyl-Paraben, Isobutyl-Paraben)

Soni MG, Burdock GA, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001 Jun;39(6):513-32. Burdock and Associates, Inc., 622 Beachland Blvd, Vero Beach, FL 32963, USA.

Soni MG, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA, Burdock GA. Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002 Oct;40(10):1335-73. Burdock Group, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.

Akomeah F, Nazir T, Martin GP, Brown MB. Effect of heat on the percutaneous absorption and skin retention of three model penetrants. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Feb;21(2-3):337-45. Department of Pharmacy, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Kings College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NN, London, UK.

Tanaka M, Iwata Y, Kouzuki Y, Taniguchi K, Matsuda H, Arima H, Tsuchiya S. Effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on percutaneous absorption of methyl paraben. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1995 Nov;47(11):897-900. Research Center, Shiseido Ltd, Yokohama, Japan.

Judd WJ, Steiner EA, Cochran RK. Paraben-associated autoanti-Jka antibodies. Three examples detected using commercially prepared low-ionic strength saline containing parabens. Transfusion. 1982 Jan-Feb;22(1):31-5.

Mowad CM. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by parabens: 2 case reports and a review. Am J Contact Dermat. 2000 Mar;11(1):53-6. Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.

Routledge EJ, Parker J, Odum J, Ashby J, Sumpter JP. Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998 Nov;153(1):12-9. Department of Biology & Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom.

Satoh K, Nagai F, Aoki N, Nishijima M. Competitive binding of some alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates to human estrogen receptor alpha and beta. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2000 Dec;120(12):1429-33. Department of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, Japan.

Vinggaard AM, Korner W, Lund KH, Bolz U, Petersen JH. Identification and quantification of estrogenic compounds in recycled and virgin paper for household use as determined by an in vitro yeast estrogen screen and chemical analysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2000 Dec;13(12):1214-22. Institute of Food Safety and Toxicology and Institute of Food Research and Nutrition, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Morkhoj Bygade 19, 2860 Soborg, Denmark.

Oishi S. Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in mice. Arch Toxicol. 2002 Jul;76(7):423-9. Epub 2002 Jun 13. Department of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.

Kang KS, Che JH, Ryu DY, Kim TW, Li GX, Lee YS. Decreased sperm number and motile activity on the F1 offspring maternally exposed to butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid (butyl paraben). J Vet Med Sci. 2002 Mar;64(3):227-35. Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea.

Song BL, Peng DR, Li HY, Zhang GH, Zhang J, Li KL, Zhao YQ. Evaluation of the effect of butyl p-hydroxybenzoate on the proteolytic activity and membrane function of human spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil. 1991 Mar;91(2):435-40. Family Planning Research Institute of Tianjin, P.R. China.

Nakagawa Y, Moore G. Role of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition in p-hydroxybenzoate ester-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):811-6. Department of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, Japan.

Bairati C, Goi G, Lombardo A, Tettamanti G. The esters of p-hydroxy-benzoate (parabens) inhibit the release of lysosomal enzymes by mitogen-stimulated peripheral human lymphocytes in culture. Clin Chim Acta. 1994 Jan 31;224(2):147-57. Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School University of Milan, Italy.

Inai K, Aoki Y, Akamizu H, Eto R, Nishida T, Tokuoka S. Tumorigenicity study of butyl and isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoates administered orally to mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 1985 Jun;23(6):575-8.

Schnuch A, Geier J, Brasch J, Uter W. The preservative iodopropynyl butylcarbamate: frequency of allergic reactions and diagnostic considerations. Contact Dermatitis. 2002 Mar;46(3):153-6. Center of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, Institute at the Georg-August Universitat Gottingen, Germany.