Hayflick Limit (Skin Longevity)

Mazin AL. Enzymatic DNA methylation as an aging mechanism. Mol Biol (Mosk). 1994 Jan-Feb;28(1):21-51.

Hayflick L, Moorhead PS. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1961 Dec;25:585-621.

Li GZ, Eller MS, Firoozabadi R, Gilchrest BA. Evidence that exposure of the telomere 3' overhang sequence induces senescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jan 21;100(2):527-31. Epub 2003 Jan 6. Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, J-Building, Boston, MA 02118-2394, USA.

Watson, Crick. Molecular Structure Of Nucleic Acids . Nature. April 25, 1953 (PDF).

Nucleotide: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2004, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.

Nucleotide: The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright© 2003 Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press.

Nucleotide: The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and James Trefil. Copyright© 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin.

Nucleotide: The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Copyright© 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

Rubin H. The disparity between human cell senescence in vitro and lifelong replication in vivo. Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Jul;20(7):675-81. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.

Hayflick L. A brief history of the mortality and immortality of cultured cells. Keio J Med. 1998 Sep;47(3):174-82. Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Sea Ranch, USA.

Hayflick L. Living forever and dying in the attempt. Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 89, The Sea Ranch, CA 95497, USA.Exp Gerontol. 2003 Nov-Dec;38(11-12):1231-41. Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 89, The Sea Ranch, CA 95497, USA.

Hayflick L. The illusion of cell immortality. Br J Cancer. 2000 Oct; 83(7):841-6. Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 89, The Sea Ranch, CA 95497, USA.

Hayflick L. A brief overview of the discovery of cell mortality and immortality and of its influence on concepts about aging and cancer. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1999 Dec; 47(10):1094-104. Departement d'Anatomie, Universite de Californie, San Francisco, Ecole de Medecine 95497, USA.

Hayflick L. How and why we age. Exp Gerontol. 1998 Nov-Dec;33(7-8):639-53. Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Sea Ranch 95497, USA.

Hayflick L. Aging is not a disease. Aging (Milano). 1998 Apr; 10(2):146. University of California, San Francisco, USA.

Hayflick L. Mortality and immortality at the cellular level. A review. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1997 Nov;62(11):1180-90. University of California, San Francisco, The Sea Ranch 95497, USA.

Hayflick L. Aging under glass. Mutat Res. 1991 Mar-Nov;256(2-6):69-80. University of California, San Francisco 95497.

Hayflick L. Antecedents of cell aging research. Exp Gerontol. 1989;24(5-6):355-65. University of California, Cell Biology and Aging Section, San Francisco 94121.

Hayflick L. Intracellular determinants of cell aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 1984 Dec;28(2-3):177-85.

Yegorov YE, Zelenin AV. Duration of senescent cell survival in vitro as a characteristic of organism longevity, an additional to the proliferative potential of fibroblasts. FEBS Lett. 2003 Apr 24;541(1-3):6-10. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

Golubev A, Khrustalev S, Butov A. An in silico investigation into the causes of telomere length heterogeneity and its implications for the Hayflick limit. J Theor Biol. 2003 Nov 21;225(2):153-70. Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia

Chondrogianni N, de C M Simoes D, Franceschi C, Gonos ES. Cloning of differentially expressed genes in skin fibroblasts from centenarians. Biogerontology. 2004;5(6):401-9. Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas.Constantinou Ave., Athens 116 35, Greece.

Toussaint O, Remacle J, Dierick JF, Pascal T, Frippiat C, Zdanov S, Magalhaes JP, Royer V, Chainiaux F. From the Hayflick mosaic to the mosaics of ageing. Role of stress-induced premature senescence in human ageing. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2002 Nov;34(11):1415-29. Department of Biology, Research Unit of Cellular Biology (URBC), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium.

Sitte N, Merker K, von Zglinicki T, Grune T. Protein oxidation and degradation during proliferative senescence of human MRC-5 fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Mar 1;28(5):701-8. Clinics of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty (Charite), Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.

Robert L. Biology of aging. Rev Prat. 1993 Oct 15;43(16):2104-11. Laboratoire de biologie du tissu conjonctif, URA CNRS 1460, Faculte de medecine, Univ. Paris XII, Creteil.

Cristofalo VJ, Pignolo RJ. Replicative senescence of human fibroblast-like cells in culture. Physiol Rev. 1993 Jul;73(3):617-38. Center for Gerontological Research, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Abernethy J. Gompertzian mortality originates in the winding-down of the mitotic clock. J Theor Biol. 1998 Jun 21;192(4):419-35. Brockton/West Roxbury VA Medical Center, Boston, MA. USA.

Moussavi-Harami F, Duwayri Y, Martin JA, Moussavi-Harami F, Buckwalter JA. Oxygen effects on senescence in chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells: consequences for tissue engineering. Iowa Orthop J. 2004;24:15-20. Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The University of Iowa, IA, USA.

Effros RB. Impact of the Hayflick Limit on T cell responses to infection: lessons from aging and HIV disease. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004 Feb;125(2):103-6. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA.

Effros RB, Boucher N, Porter V, Zhu X, Spaulding C, Walford RL, Kronenberg M, Cohen D, Schachter F. Decline in CD28+ T cells in centenarians and in long-term T cell cultures: a possible cause for both in vivo and in vitro immunosenescence. Exp Gerontol. 1994 Nov-Dec;29(6):601-9. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90024, USA.

Effros RB, Pawelec G. Replicative senescence of T cells: does the Hayflick Limit lead to immune exhaustion? Immunol Today. 1997 Sep;18(9):450-4. Dept of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90095-1732, USA.

Paulsson B, Gredmark T, Burian P, Bende M. Nasal mucosal congestion during the menstrual cycle. J Laryngol Otol. 1997 Apr;111(4):337-9. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Hospital, Skovde, Sweden.

Rohrbach JM, Riedinger C, Wild M, Partsch M. Telomerase activity in uveal melanomas. Ophthalmologe. 2000 May;97(5):359-63. Abt. I, Universitats-Augenklinik Tubingen.

Kassem M, Ankersen L, Eriksen EF, Clark BF, Rattan SI. Demonstration of cellular aging and senescence in serially passaged long-term cultures of human trabecular osteoblasts. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7(6):514-24. Danish Centre of Molecular Gerontology, University Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.