Carotenoids

Sies H, Stahl W. Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Dec;62(6 Suppl):1315S-1321S. Institut fur Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine Universitat Dusseldorf, Germany.

Krinsky NI. The antioxidant and biological properties of the carotenoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 20;854:443-7. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.

Stahl W, Heinrich U, Jungmann H, Sies H, Tronnier H. Carotenoids and carotenoids plus vitamin E protect against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):795-8. Institut fur Physiologische Chemie I and Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Germany.

Gollnick, H.P.M., W. Hopfenmuller, C. Hemmes, S.C. Chun, C. Schmid, K. Sundermeier and H. K. Biesalski. Systemic beta-carotene plus topical UV-sunscreen are an optimal protection against harmful effects of natural UV-sunlight. Results of the Berlin-Eilath Study. (1996) Eur. J. Dermatol. 6, 200-205.

Stahl W, Heinrich U, Wiseman S, Eichler O, Sies H, Tronnier H. Dietary tomato paste protects against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. J Nutr. 2001 May;131(5):1449-51. Institut fur Physiologische Chemie I and Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, D-40001 Dusseldorf, Germany.

Mathews-Roth MM, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Harber LC, Kass EH. Beta-carotene as a photoprotective agent in erythropoietic protoporphyria. N Engl J Med. 1970 May 28;282(22):1231-4.

Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Jan 1;385(1):28-40. Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA.

Mayne ST. Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and disease prevention in humans. FASEB J. 1996 May;10(7):690-701. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

Pryor WA, Stahl W, Rock CL. Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials. Nutr Rev. 2000 Feb;58(2 Pt 1):39-53. Biodynamics Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803-1800, USA.

Young AJ, Lowe GM. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Jan 1;385(1):20-7. School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.

Lowe GM, Booth LA, Young AJ, Bilton RF. Lycopene and beta-carotene protect against oxidative damage in HT29 cells at low concentrations but rapidly lose this capacity at higher doses. Free Radic Res. 1999 Feb;30(2):141-51. School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.

Palozza P, Luberto C, Calviello G, Ricci P, Bartoli GM. Antioxidant and prooxidant role of beta-carotene in murine normal and tumor thymocytes: effects of oxygen partial pressure. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(6):1065-73. Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.

Biesalski HK, Obermueller-Jevic UC. UV light, beta-carotene and human skin--beneficial and potentially harmful effects. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 May 1;389(1):1-6. Department of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

Eichler O, Sies H, Stahl W. Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradiation in human fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol. 2002 May;75(5):503-6. Institut fur Physiologische Chemie I and Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschunggzentrum, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Germany.

Omaye ST, Krinsky NI, Kagan VE, Mayne ST, Liebler DC, Bidlack WR. Beta-carotene: friend or foe? Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1997 Dec;40(2):163-74. University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA.